Three-dimensional bio-printed microtissues: precision medicine approach in primary liver cancer
Summary
ABSTRACT Despite remarkable progress in the clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), complications such as heterogenicity of HCC cells and characteristics of cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to frequent relapse and treatment resistance. Lack of proper in vitro models has limited developing novel approaches to evaluate innovative therapeutic settings to overcome these challenges. To address current limitations for mimicking cancer microenvironments; various three-dimensional (3D) platforms have been developed, such as tumoroids, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, microfluidics-based cancer chip devices, and bio-printed microtissues....